EFFECTIVE TEACHING METHODS IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Vocational Education and Training (VET) plays a crucial role in preparing a competent workforce that is aligned with the demands of Industry 4.0 and digital transformation. However, the inconsistency of teaching methods and their inalignment with industry needs often undermine learning outcomes and readiness of graduates. This study systematically analyzes the types of effective teaching methods in Vocational Education (VE). Using the PRISMA protocol, 232 Scopus indexed articles were screened, and 22 studies met the PICOS inclusion criteria focusing on the effectiveness of teaching methods in VET. The results revealed seven dominant categories of effective methods, namely immersive learning and simulation, adaptive and AI-based learning, project-based learning and practicum, game-based learning, active collaborative learning, andragogy with visual communication, and Learning Process Orchestration and Design. These findings show that no single method is universally superior. Instead, the pedagogical synergy between the integration of technology, real-world practices, and adaptive design results in optimal outputs. The study underscores the need for institutional support, teacher training, and ongoing industry collaboration to achieve modern, innovative, and globally competitive VE.