β‑elemene inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cell migration and invasion by inactivating the FAK‑Src pathway

Despite sustained effort, the prognosis of lung cancer remains poor and the therapeutic responses are limited. Cell movement ability is a prerequisite for lung cancer metastasis, which involves focal adhesion kinase (FAK)‑mediated cell migration and invasion via complex formation with Src. Hence, FAK‑Src signaling might be an effective target for anti‑cancer treatment. β‑elemene, the major component of elemene extracted from Curcuma Rhizoma, exhibits broad‑spectrum anti‑tumor properties. However, the role of β‑elemene in lung cancer cell motility and its possible mechanism remain unknown. Herein, the role of β‑elemene in the migration and invasion of two non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines was investigated by performing wound‑healing and Transwell assays. The mRNA expression levels of genes associated with motility, including RhoA, Rac1, Cac42, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)2 and MMP9, were examined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To determine whether β‑elemene acts through FAK‑Src signaling, western blotting was performed and the levels of phosphorylated FAK and Src were detected. The results indicated that β‑elemene inhibited the migration and invasion of A549 and NCI‑H1299 (H1299) cells, while the motility‑associated genes were de‑regulated following exposure to β‑elemene. Furthermore, β‑elemene decreased the activity of FAK and Src. Overall, these results suggest that β‑elemene potentially inhibits NSCLC through FAK‑Src signaling.