Advances in research on the bioactive compounds and genetic improvement of Eucommia ulmoides

Eucommia ulmoides, a tertiary relict plant species, remains the only extant representative of both the genus Eucommia and the family Eucommiaceae. With a history of more than two millennia of use in traditional Chinese medicine, its bark, leaves, and fruits harbor a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, iridoids, lignans, and phenylpropanoids. These compounds have various effects, such as regulating blood pressure, preventing osteoporosis, providing neuroprotection, modulating the immune system, and exhibiting antimicrobial and antiviral activities, as well as improving hypoxia tolerance and reducing lipid levels. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the identification of bioactive components, pharmacological research, understanding the genetic basis of biosynthesis, breeding of new varieties, and the development of efficient cultivation techniques. These advancements have positioned Eucommia as a species with an extensive range of research interests. However, several challenges persist in the advanced development of Eucommia. These include insufficient research on pharmacological mechanisms, limited genetic diversity, and prolonged traditional cultivation cycles. To overcome these challenges, future research efforts should focus on breaking these bottlenecks by selecting high-yield, high-quality varieties through a combination of conventional and unconventional breeding methods. Additionally, integrating intensive cultivation techniques with comprehensive utilization strategies is crucial. Promoting the establishment of a green circular economy centered around the active ingredients of Eucommia can further enhance the economic benefits of the Eucommia industry.