China's strategic response to climate change: policies, challenges, and pathways to carbon neutrality

Climate change, driven by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, poses a significant threat to China's environment, economy, and society. This review paper examines China's evolving response to this challenge. It explores China's international commitments, including the Paris Agreement and its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) aiming for carbon neutrality by 2060. Additionally, the paper analyzes domestic policies like the 1+N Climate Policy framework, the 14th Five-Year Plan (FYP) for Energy, and the National Emissions Trading Scheme. These policies highlight China's multi-pronged approach, focusing on GHG reduction and a comprehensive energy sector transformation. The paper emphasizes the importance of evaluating these policies for effectiveness and acknowledges the challenges China faces, such as balancing climate goals with economic growth. Ultimately, the paper argues that China's strategic approach signifies a growing recognition of the need for climate action. The success of this approach, coupled with continued advancements in clean energy technologies and international collaboration, will be paramount in achieving carbon neutrality and securing a sustainable future.