Microplastic Contamination in Agricultural Soil: A Critical Review in North-East India

Context: Microplastics contamination is an escalating environmental threat in Northeast India, critically impacting its fragile ecosystems, agriculture, and public health. The region, recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, faces growing microplastics pollution from diverse sources such as domestic waste, agriculture, industrial activities, and aquaculture. This study explores the comprehensive understanding that can guide future research, governance, and regional mitigation strategies. Objective: This review aims to synthesize existing research on microplastics contamination in Northeast India, assess their sources and environmental pathways, evaluate ecological and agricultural impacts, identify critical knowledge gaps, and highlight policy and community-level interventions required for eff ective management. Methodology: The review compiles and analyzes available scientifi c literature, government reports, and regional environmental assessments related to microplastics contamination in Northeast India. Studies focusing on aquatic ecosystems, soils, biodiversity impacts, and regional waste-management practices were systematically evaluated. Results: The review reveals widespread microplastics contamination across Northeast India, with signifi cant presence recorded in major freshwater ecosystems such as Loktak Lake, Deepor Beel, and associated river systems. Evidence shows ingestion of microplastics by fi sh and other aquatic organisms, indicating potential trophic transfer and risks of bioaccumulation. Agricultural soils are also notably aff ected, primarily due to the use of plastic mulching fi lms and irrigation pipelines. Despite these growing concerns, research eff orts remain limited and inconsistent, with a lack of standardized methodologies and longterm monitoring.