Why Frailty Matters in Older People: Frailty Syndrome

Frailty represents a complex and evolving geriatric syndrome characterized by diminished physiological reserves and heightened sensitivity to internal and external stressors. It plays a critical role in shaping clinical outcomes in older adults, surpassing chronological age as a predictor of adverse events such as hospitalization, disability, and premature mortality. This chapter examines the multifaceted contributors to frailty, including multimorbidity, sarcopenia, inflammaging, polypharmacy, and limitations in functional capacity. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) as a cornerstone for early detection and tailored intervention. Core conceptual models—such as the Frailty Phenotype, Frailty Index, and Clinical Frailty Scale—are evaluated alongside practical approaches to prevention and management. These include structured exercise interventions, dietary strategies, deprescribing frameworks, and psychosocial support systems. Ethical considerations in treatment planning and the growing influence of artificial intelligence in enhancing personalized care and extending health span are also explored. By integrating clinical, biological, and technological perspectives, this chapter advocates for a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach to addressing frailty and supporting longevity in aging populations. The provided synthesis offers actionable insights for healthcare professionals, researchers, and health policy stakeholders.