RNA Interference Technology: From Molecular Mechanisms to Applications as Green Pesticides

Addressing the issues of pesticide resistance, environmental pollution, and health risks associated with conventional chemical pesticides necessitates the development of efficient and environmentally benign pest control strategies. RNA interference (RNAi) technology, particularly double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-based biopesticides, offers a promising alternative due to its high species specificity and biodegradable nature, potentially balancing effective pest control with environmental and health safety. This chapter comprehensively reviews the mechanism of action, advances in delivery strategies (e.g., transgenic plants, foliar sprays, and nano-carriers), and current applications of dsRNA pesticides. It critically analyzes the stability challenges dsRNA encounters in the environment and within insect bodies, alongside corresponding mitigation strategies. Furthermore, the chapter examines potential ecological risks, regulatory hurdles, and future perspectives, underscoring the need for integrated technological innovation and thorough assessment to establish RNAi as a cornerstone of sustainable agricultural pest management.