AI Agents in Education: An Early Systematic Review of Emerging Roles, Potential, and Limitations

In a world where ChatGPT writes essays and solves math problems in seconds, an important question emerges: who will shape the character and values of the next generation – cold and precise algorithms or teachers who understand the needs, potential, and sensitivity of human beings? Recent advances in artificial intelligence, particularly the emergence of sophisticated AI agents like ChatGPT, have sparked intense debate about their role in education. While these technologies promise to transform teaching and learning processes, their rapid evolution and widespread adoption have outpaced our understanding of their implications. This scoping review addresses a critical gap in current literature by systematically examining the potential, limitations, and challenges of integrating AI agents in educational settings. The review is particularly timely given the accelerated digitalization of education following the global pandemic and the subsequent proliferation of AI tools in classrooms. By synthesizing emerging research and empirical evidence, this study provides educators, policymakers, and researchers with a comprehensive framework for understanding how AI agents can effectively complement, rather than replace, traditional teaching methods. Our analysis explores key dimensions including: the typology and functionalities of educational AI agents; their impact on student engagement and learning outcomes; their limitations in developing higher-order cognitive skills and social-emotional competencies; and the evolving role of teachers in AI-enhanced learning environments. This systematic examination helps identify research gaps, inform evidence-based implementation strategies, and guide future investigations into the long-term effects of AI integration in education. The findings underscore the need for a balanced, nuanced approach to incorporating AI agents in educational practice, while highlighting critical areas requiring further research and development. This review contributes to the growing body of knowledge essential for developing effective policies and practices that maximize the benefits of AI in education while preserving the irreplaceable human elements of teaching and learning.