Recent advances in the mechanisms, current treatment status, and application of multifunctional biomaterials for radiation-induced skin injury

Radiation-induced skin injury (RISI) is a prevalent complication following nuclear accidents and radiotherapy for tumors. The associated side effects may include erythema, desquamation, ulceration, and in severe cases, necrosis of certain skin tissues. These adverse reactions significantly impact the quality of life for patients and contribute to both psychological distress and economic burdens. However, there is currently no standardized protocol for the treatment and management of RISI. In comparison to traditional pharmaceuticals, the utilization of biomaterials in addressing radiation-induced diseases has garnered increasing attention due to their superior biocompatibility and outstanding functionality. Nevertheless, comprehensive reviews on this topic remain scarce. In this context, this paper systematically elucidates the pathogenesis of RISI, subsequently introducing the clinical manifestations and advancements in treatment for RISI. It emphasizes a comprehensive discussion on the design and innovation of novel biomaterials aimed at treating and protecting against RISI, while also illustrating the mechanisms by which multifunctional biomaterials enhance both treatment efficacy and protective measures for radiation-induced skin conditions. Finally, it addresses the challenges encountered by multifunctional biomaterials in managing radiation-related diseases and outlines potential directions for future research efforts. The objective of this review is to investigate the therapeutic and protective effects of multifunctional biomaterials in relation to radiation-induced skin injury, thereby providing significant reference value for the design and clinical application of innovative materials.