Recent advances in fluorescent probes of peroxynitrite: Structural, strategies and biological applications

Peroxynitrite (ONOO -), owing to its high oxidative and nitrating stress, is associated with several physiological processes in addition to various pathological processes, including those related to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.Detection of ONOO -at the cellular level is of great significance to understand its pathogenesis.To this end, a variety of fluorescent probes based on small molecules and nanoparticles (NPs) have been engineered and applied as excellent tools for imaging of ONOO -in cells as well as in their diverse biological applications.In this review, we highlight representative cases of fluorescent probes based on recognition mechanism and emphasize their response type (ratiometric, two-photon, long-wavelength/near-infrared, and targeting) in ONOO -detection in the last five years.We further discuss their design strategy, sensing mechanism, and application in bio-imaging and describe NP-based probes according to diverse nanoplatforms.